Scientists may have found 'fifth force of nature'

Scientists at the University of California, Irvine (UCI), believe they have identified a “fifth force of nature.”

“If true, it’s revolutionary,” said Jonathan Feng, professor of physics and astronomy, in a press release. “For decades, we’ve known of four fundamental forces: gravitation, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. If confirmed by further experiments, this discovery of a possible fifth force would completely change our understanding of the universe, with consequences for the unification of forces and dark matter.”

The physicists cite a “protophobic X boson” recently found by physicists at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The mysterious particle, which interacts only with electrons and neutrons at a very limited range, dazzled scientists. “There’s no other boson that we’ve observed that has this same characteristic,” said Timothy Tait, professor of physics and astronomy at UCI. “Sometimes we also just call it the ‘X boson,’ where ‘X’ means unknown.”

The Hungarian physicists found the “protophobic X boson” during a search for “dark photons.” Space.com notes that dark photons are hypothetical indicators of dark matter, which is thought to make up 85 percent of all matter in the universe. However, dark matter’s inability to absorb or emit light makes it undetectable.

The 2015 study by the Hungarian physicists revealed a mysterious “radioactive decay anomaly that points to the existence of a light particle just 30 times heavier than an electron,” according to UCI. The team at UCI updated the discovery using data from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences reseach and all previous experiments. After the evidence went against matter particles and dark photons they proposed a new theory that indicates a fifth fundamental force.

Feng added that there could be a separate dark sector with its own matter and forces. “It’s possible that these two sectors talk to each other and interact with one another through somewhat veiled but fundamental interactions,” he said.

http://www.foxnews.com/science/2016/08/16/scientists-may-have-found-fifth-force-nature.html? 

New Massive Galaxy Dragonfly 44 Is 99.99 Percent Dark Matter

On Thursday, Aug. 25, scientists  announced the discovery of a galaxy with the same mass as the Milky Way but contains 99.99 percent dark matter, which is an elusive and undetected substance.

Known as Dragonfly 44, the newly identified galaxy was first detected through the Dragonfly Telephoto Array in Toronto. Afterward, scientists used the world's most powerful telescopes, the Gemini North telescope at the Gemini Observatory and the Keck II telescope at the W.M. Keck Observatory, to monitor it further.

Although the galaxy is not the first to be identified with presence of dark matter, its discovery is special because it is the only average-sized galaxy nearly dominated by dark matter.

Pieter van Dokkum, an astronomer from Yale University, says soon after the galaxy's discovery, they realized there was more to it than meets the eye.

Undetected Dark Matter

Dragonfly 44 is located about 300 million light-years away from our planet and is considered a dim galaxy with very few stars. According to van Dokkum, the dim galaxy has so few stars that it would be rapidly ripped apart unless it was being held together by something.

Scientists believe the galaxy is likely made up of dark matter because the velocities of stars within it are much higher than what they had expected, indicating that it has a mass greater than what can be detected through telescopes.

Furthermore, although Dragonfly 44 has the same mass as our own galaxy, it's actually the "Dark Twin" and is different from our galaxy by a factor of 100.

How The Discovery Changes Everything

The dim galaxy is such a novelty in the line of research that astrophysicists currently study. According to van Dokkum, the discovery of Dragonfly 44 challenges existing notions on the formation of galaxies.

He says that prior to the research, they thought the ratio of dark matter was something they already understood.

For instance, dark matter is thought to outnumber regular matter - ordinary matter composed by atoms - by 5 to 1 in the universe.

Additionally, scientists thought the formation of stars was related to how much dark matter is present. However, Dragonfly 44 turns this last idea around.

“It means we don’t understand, kind of fundamentally, how galaxy formation works," says van Dokkum.

Meanwhile, the race to detect other galaxies similar to Dragonfly 44 is on. Because dark matter is believed to emit a faint ultraviolet signal, experts hope a neighboring galaxy with dark matter can provide the first evidence of the elusive substance's existence.

http://www.techtimes.com/articles/175333/20160828/dragonfly-44-galaxy-is-made-up-of-99-99-percent-dark-matter-how-this-discovery-changes-everything.htm?

Questions that Revealed Atheists Weakness

The following questions are some the questions that revealed atheists weakness. Most Atheists cannot find reasonable explanation to some of my questions presented below.You could do well or try by providing answers or explanation to any of these questions and explanations. And you can put this in your mind that 'I am just reasonable thinker who don't believe in any organized religion'. 

(1) Is nature a creation, eternal to nature, or an accident within nature?

 I decided to agree that that nature is a creation.According to a post from deism.com, the atheist counter that it is either eternal, or accidental. Our final judge to this problem will eventually be up to science to settle since most of them have much faith in science.

Peter Murphy said  "To begin, let us look at nature as an ever changing and shifting painting. Science attempts to understand what the paint and canvass is composed of, the relationship of the individual paints, and the brushstrokes that are involved in the final product. But, what about the painter? If one admits that nature is similar to a painting, than it is not too far a leap to conclude that a painter exists, or at least existed at one time".

The atheist continually resorts to the logical fallacy known as argumentum ad verecundiam (appeal to modesty) when dealing with somebody like me or even theists. The appeal here is to science as an authority which cannot be challenged. Unfortunately, this appeal is plagued by its own problems.

First of all, science makes no claims about God one way or another, so it is not the scientists who are for the most part claiming God does not exist on the grounds that there is a lack of evidence, but the scientific layman asserting it. If there is any you can link me or provide any evidence to show this assertion.

(2)Do science have permanent explanations/evidences for ALL things?

From my findings science is still in its infant stage. There is much about nature it simply does not know. There was still some of its theories there are were modified and liable to change in future if there are available accurate evidence and explanations. So why would Atheists leaned on a discipline which has its own limitations.I am sure you would agree with me that science has its own limitation.If you disagree with me then the first phase of evidence is your Chemistry texts. Check same theory postulated by different scientists and come out to tell me your findings. So what come of Atheists if science provide evidence and explanation the existence of a creator?

In the word of Peter Murphy "Science itself is somewhat bias as well. It suffers from nearsightedness; what it cannot observe directly or indirectly, it ignores. Things like memory may have a basis in biology, but is it safe to conclude that only biology is at work here? No one has ever seen an emotion, or a memory; yet they exist. So it is not far-fetched to conclude that there is more to nature than what we observe in our own limited corner of it. Science has only touched the tip of the scientific iceberg -- as such, science cannot be used to dismiss the idea that a God may exist. If one cannot truly understand a grain of sand, then one cannot understand the beach."

(3). Can Atheists prove that The Universe Creator does not exist with evidence?

 I doubt if any atheist can provide any evidence for non existence of a creator.The atheist demands that the religious people or the others like me to provide evidence for the existence of God. "They continually resort to logical fallacies of their own, for example, a common one is the Petitio principii (begging the question) fallacy; it goes something like this: there is no God because we find no evidence of God in nature. But is this true? No. We presently do not know enough about nature to make such a conclusion, eventually, the possibility that there is a God could be proven. The atheist has no evidence that the universe is eternal or accidental; they are assuming that scientific speculation somehow equals scientific fact. Obviously there is a great gap between speculation and fact to the rational mind.

We have the painting, but to dismiss that there is a painter is illogical, unless there is evidence that it is either an eternal painting or an accident. So far all science has offered is speculation based on drawing inferences from the available data [which is far from complete]; nevertheless, since the evidence is not complete, nor fully understood, sweeping generalizations by atheist on what exists and does not exist are groundless".

Atheists like to shift the burden of proof from themselves to their debating opponents; in short, the believer in God must prove God, but the atheist will not defend his position that the universe is either eternal or accidental. Often this tactic works, the believer will then try to make an argument for God, only to have the atheist demand that the believer first define God in some clear manner. Once the believer makes this mistake, he loses the debate. We are still in the process of understanding the painting, so trying to define the painter is doomed to failure; the believer must recognize this tactic and avoid it. Deists should feel free to openly state that there is absolutely no evidence against a Creator being, or a Creation, and that all skeptics have to offer is scientific speculation on very limited data. Deists believe there is something more; that is not unreasonable, it is very much human and rational. That "more" is God. Deists are willing to wait for the answer and are keeping an open mind on the matter; it is the atheists, who fear waiting. Simply put there is no evidence against God, nor is there evidence against a Creation [design]. The burden of proof does not lie on the open mind, but on the closed dogmatic mind which assumes that we already know all there is to know.

reference(s):

http://deism.com/atheism.htm

The word "Trinity" is not found in the Bible.

      SUNDAY SERMON by Segun

"Trinity" is not found in Scripture. Of course, there is no verse that says "God is three Persons" or "God is a Trinity." This is all evident and true, but it proves nothing. 

There are many words and phrases that Christians use, which are not found in the Bible. For example, the word "Bible" is not found in the Bible. 

Read the following verses;

All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name [singular] of the Father

and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit [Matthew 28:19 ].

May the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ , and the love of God , and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all [2 Corinthians 13:14 ].

To God's elect...who have been chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father , through the sanctifying work of the Spirit, for obedience to Jesus Christ and sprinkling by his blood [1 Peter 1:1-2 ].

I am really surprised at what people would  say we have 'three in one'  or 'meta lokan'. I got confused the more when some group said that God have THREE OFFICES, why not more than three office? After all,  human can have more than three offices. Is the THREE OFFICES or THREE IN ONE biblical?  I said we made it all! We made it all!!  We made both new words and its interpretation found in the Bible our creation!!!  The Almighty creator is not the author of confusion. 

More verses and references:

Romans 14:17-18 ; 15:16 ; 1 Corinthians 2:2-5 ; 6:11 ; 12:4-6 ; 2 Corinthians 1:21-22 ; Galatians 4:6 ;Ephesians 2:18-22 ; 3:14-19 ;Ephesians 4:4-6 ; Colossians 1:6-8 ;1Thessalonians 1:3-5 ; 2Thessalonians 2:13-14 ; Titus 3:4-6. 

http://www.biblehub.com

King James Bible Version 

He Spends 6.7m on UK Master Degree but couldn't get a job.

I graduated from the university in 2011 and finished my NYSC in 2012. I had already planned my life I didn't want to waste much time before going for my master's degree if I didn't get a good job.

A month before my POP in 2012, I got a job offer in an oil firm in Port Harcourt that I served. With a salary of N50,000 they offered, I wasn't satisfied with it. I wanted better even when part of me insisted on taking the offer. I had to tell my mom that I wanted to sell some of my late dad's property to raise money to go to U.K for my masters. My mom totally refused. She objected on me selling any of my dad's property to go abroad for my master. And she has also refused to give me money for school fees. She no want make I travel. She said she would only support me if I wanted to start a business.

Not that we are so rich, we are just okay. My mom runs her own boutique in Abuja. my dad only left us with 4 landed properties and I intended selling off 3 to raise money to go for my master's in U.K, and I didn't know where to raise any money. I thought about everything, it was really killing me. My late dad left four landed properties in Abuja, and my mom didn't want me to sell any of them. She wanted me to keep them.

A week after my service, I had to trick my mom after much pressure I placed her in. She allowed me to only sell 2. I told her I wanted to use the money to start an agriculture business. Na so she give me permission to sell. And I didn't even sell it for as much reasonable price just because I was so desperate. I was not patience enough and my mom was terribly angry with me. I supposed to realize about N11m on the two land sales because it was located in a good area. But I wasn't patient enough. I hurriedly realized N7. 8m from the sales. I paid my tuition fee and every other ones in the U.K. After everything. While I was still waiting for my Visa confirmation, I mom will keep asking when and the plans about my business. I will tell her I was still working on it. I got my Visa before telling my mom. My mom nearly went ballistics when I told her I was using the money for my masters in U.K. I had to beg and kept begging. Even when I was leaving for U.K, she didn't even talk to me. She felt betrayed about what I did.

After my masters, I came back late 2014. I and my mom had finally reconciled, I felt fulfilled that my value has risen in the labour market. Not until after job hunting for 2 months, it looked as if my education was nonsense. It looked as if I wasted my time and money in U.K for masters and was not able to get any reasonable job. Employers no even send my U.K certificate sef. After spending about N6.7m for my school, stay and all expenses in U.K, I am yet to get reasonable offer. I am beginning to regret, I would have heeded to my mom's advice to use the money for business.

This is 2016 and yet no job. And I didn't want my mom to know about my so many weird job hunting ordeals, because it would look as if it was out of my disobedience I refused to listen to her. The one that angered me most was the job interview I went for last week. It was boldly stated that they wanted people with masters. It was after the interview only for me to hear that the company only recruited Bsc holders. Infact I was told that the interview we did was just a formality, the company had taken people they wanted. I was so pained when I heard that. That was not the first time such a thing is happening. There is no longer equality in Nigerian job hunting labour system. To get a job now is about "WHO IS YOUR FATHER" or "WHO DO YOU KNOW."

Well, but I know God, am being hopeful that soon I will get a good job. I just decided to take the little money I have to do start up a small business.

This story was narrated to the Author,

written by Christian C. Ozor. 

Sources:

www.hovabuzz.com/frontline/1194-after-spending-n6-7m-for-my-masters-in-the-u-k-nigerian-employers-are-using-me-to-play-chess

www.nairaland.com/3313218/he-spent-over-n6m-masters

110 Amazing Water Facts You Should Know

Water is the most important resource in the world. Here are 110 amazing facts about water that you may not know.

(1). 68.7% of the fresh water on Earth is trapped in glaciers. 

(2). 30% of fresh water is in the ground.

(3). 1.7% of the world's water is frozen and therefore unusable. 

(4).Approximately 400 billion gallons of water are used in the United States per day. 

(5).Nearly one-half of the water used by Americans is used for thermoelectric power generation. 

(6). In one year, the average American residence uses over 100,000 gallons (indoors and outside). 

(7). Water can dissolve more substances than any other liquid including sulfuric acid. 

(8).The freezing point of water lowers as the amount of salt dissolved in at increases. With average levels of salt, seawater freezes at -2 °C (28.4 °F). 

(9). About 6,800 gallons of water is required to grow a day's food for a family of four. 

(10). To create one pint of beer it takes 20 gallons of water. 

(11). 780 million people lack access to an improved water source. 

(12). In just one day, 200 million work hours are consumed by women collecting water for their families.

(13). 1/3 what the world spends on bottled water in one year could pay for projects providing water to everyone in need. 

(14). Unsafe water kills 200 children every hour. 

(15). Water weighs about 8 pounds a gallon. 

(16). It takes 120 gallons of water for one egg. 

(17). A jellyfish and a cucumber are each 95% water. 

(18). 70% of the human brain is water.5

80% of all illness in the developing world is water related.

(19). Up to 50% of water is lost through leaks in cities in the developing world.

(20). In Nairobi urban poor pay 10 times more for water than in New York. 

(21). In some countries, less than half the population has access to clean water. 

(22). $260 billion is the estimated annual economic loss from poor water and sanitation in developing countries.

(23). 40 billion hours are spent collecting water in Africa alone. 

(24). The average cost for water supplied to a home in the U.S. is about $2.00 for 1,000 gallons, which equals about 5 gallons for a penny. 

(25). A person can live about a month without food, but only about a week without water.

(26). Water expands by 9% when it freezes.

(27). There is about the same amount of water on Earth now as there was millions of years ago. 

(28). The length of the side of a cube which could hold the Earth's estimated total volume of water in km = 1150. 

(29). Children in the first 6 months of life consume seven times as much water per pound as the average American adult.

(30). Americans drink more than one billion glasses of tap water per day.

(31). The United States draws more than 40 billion gallons (151 million liters) of water from the Great Lakes every day—half of which is used for electrical power production. 

(32). 85% of the world population lives in the driest half of the planet. 

(33). Agriculture accounts for ~70% of global freshwater withdrawals (up to 90% in some fast-growing economies). 

(34). Various estimates indicate that, based on business as usual, ~3.5 planets Earth would be needed to sustain a global population achieving the current lifestyle of the average European or North American. 

(35). Thirty-six states are anticipating water shortages by 2016. 

(36). 300 tons of water are required to manufacture 1 ton of steel. 

(37). 1 in 6 gallons of water leak from utility pipes before reaching customers in the US. 

(38). American use 5.7 billion gallons per day from toilet flushes. 

(39). Refilling a half-liter water bottle 1,740 times with tap water is the equivalent cost of a 99 cent water bottle at a convenience store.

(40). It takes about 12 gallons per day to sustain a human (this figure takes into account all uses for water, like drinking, sanitation and food production). 

(41).  Each day, we also lose a little more than a cup of water (237 ml) when we exhale it. 

(42). By 2025, water withdrawals are predicted to increase by 50 percent in developing countries and 18 percent in developed countries. 

(43).By 2025 half the world's people will live in countries with high water stress. 

(44). A water-efficient dishwasher uses as little as 4 gallons per cycle but hand washing dishes uses 20 gallons of water.

(45). The average family of four uses 180 gallons of water per day outdoors. It is estimated that over 50% is wasted from evaporation, wind, or overwatering. 

(46). It takes more than twice the amount of water to produce coffee than it does tea.

(47). Chicken and goat are the least water intensive meats to consume. 

(48). There have been 265 recorded incidences of water conflicts from 3000 BC to 2012. 

(49). Hot water can freeze faster than cold water under some conditions (commonly known as the Mpemba effect).

(50). If the entire world's water were fit into a 4 liter jug, the fresh water available for us would equal only about one tablespoon. 

(51). Over 90% of the world's supply of fresh water is located in Antarctica. 

(52). Water regulates the Earth's temperature. 

(53). On average, 10 gallons per day of your water footprint (or 14% of your indoor use) is lost to leaks. 

(54). The average pool takes 22,000 gallons of water to fill. 

(55). It takes about 70 gallons of water to fill a bathtub. 

(56). Flying from Los Angeles to San Francisco, about 700 miles round-trip, could cost you more than 9,000 gallons of water. 

(57). Water use has grown at more than twice the rate of population increase in the last century. 

(58). Only 0.007 percent of the planet's water is available to fuel and feed its 6.8 billion people. 

(59). Three quarters of all Americans live within 10 miles of polluted water. 

(60). A swimming pool naturally loses about 1,000 gallons (3,785 liters) a month to evaporation. 

(61). Producing a gallon (3.79 liters) of corn ethanol consumes 170 gallons (644 liters) of water in total, from irrigation to final processing. On the other hand, the water requirement to make a gallon of regular gasoline is just five gallons (19 liters). 

(62). 40% of freshwater withdrawals in the United States are used for agriculture. 

(63). 65% of freshwater withdrawals in China are used for agriculture. 

(64). Freshwater withdrawals for agriculture exceed 90% in many countries: Cambodia 94%, Pakistan 94%, Vietnam 95%, Madagascar 97%, Iran 92%, Ecuador 92%. 

(65). If everyone in the US flushed the toilet just one less time per day, we could save a lake full of water about one mile long, one mile wide and four feet deep.

(66). If everyone in the US used just one less gallon of water per shower every day, we could save some 85 billion gallons of water per year.

(67). Over 42,000 gallons of water (enough to fill a 30×50 foot swimming pool) are needed to grow and prepare food for a typical Thanksgiving dinner for eight. 

(68).  An acre of corn will give off 4,000 gallons of water per day in evaporation. 

(69). In a 100-year period, a water molecule spends 98 years in the ocean, 20 months as ice, about 2 weeks in lakes and rivers, and less than a week in the atmosphere. 

(70). Water is the most common substance found on earth.

(71). In Washington state alone, glaciers provide 1.8 trillion liters (470 billion gallons) of water each summer. 32

Water makes up about 66 percent of the human body.

(72). There are no scientific studies that support the recommendation to drink 8 glasses of water per day.

(73). Drinking too much water can be fatal (known as water intoxication).33

There is more fresh water in the atmosphere than in all of the rivers on the planet combined. 

(74). If all of the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere fell at once, distributed evenly, it would only cover the earth with about an inch of water. 

(75). It takes seven and a half years for the average American residence to use the same amount of water that flows over the Niagara Falls in one second (750,000 gallons). 

(76). 263 rivers either cross or demarcate international political boundaries. 

(77). Of the estimated 1.4 billion hectares of crop land worldwide, around 80 percent is rainfed and accounts for about 60 percent of global agricultural output (the other 40% of output is from irrigated crop land). 

(78). Household leaks can waste more than 1 trillion gallons annually nationwide. That's equal to the annual household water use of more than 11 million homes.

(79). Ten percent of homes have leaks that waste 90 gallons or more per day. 

(80). A leaky faucet that drips at the rate of one drip per second can waste more than 3,000 gallons per year.

(81). Each cubic foot of Martian soil contains around two pints of liquid water, though the molecules are not freely accessible, but rather bound to other minerals in the soil. 

(82). There is an estimated 326 million trillion gallons of water on earth.39

NASA has discovered water in the form of ice on the moon. 

(83). A 2.6 billion year old pocket of water was discovered in a mine, 2 miles below the earth's surface. 

(84). Two-thirds of the world's population is projected to face water scarcity by 2025, according to the United Nations.

(85). 1 pound of beef requires 1,799 gallons of water. 

(86). 1 gallon of wine requires 1,008 gallons of water. 

(87). A 0.3 pound burger requires 660 gallons of water. 

(88). 1 slice of bread requires 11 gallons of water.

(89). 1 apple requires 18 gallons of water. 

(90). 1 pound of chocolate requires 3,170 gallons of water. 

(91). 500 sheets of paper requires 1,321 gallons of water. 

(92). Ground water occurs almost everywhere beneath the land surface. The widespread occurrence of potable ground water is the reason that it is used as a source of water supply by about one-half the population of the United States. 

(93). Hydrologists estimate, according to the National Geographic Society, U.S. groundwater reserves to be at least 33,000 trillion gallons — equal to the amount discharged into the Gulf of Mexico by the Mississippi River in the past 200 years. 

(94). At any given moment, groundwater is 20 to 30 times greater than the amount in all the lakes, streams, and rivers of the United States. 

(95). About 27 trillion gallons of groundwater are withdrawn for use in the U.S. each year.

(96)The High Plains Aquifer covers eight states and 175,000 miles.

(97). 783 million people do not have access to clean and safe water. 37% of those people live in Sub-Saharan Africa.

(98). 1 in 9 people world wide do not have access to safe and clean drinking water.

(99). 443 million school days are lost each year due to water-related diseases.

(100). In developing countries, as much as 80% of illnesses are linked to poor water and sanitation conditions.

(101). Half of the world's hospital beds are filled with people suffering from a water-related disease.

(102). Girls under the age of 15 are twice as likely as boys to be the family member responsible for fetching water.

(103). Over half of the developing world's primary schools don't have access to water and sanitation facilities. Without toilets, girls often drop out at puberty.

(104). 84% of the people who don't have access to improved water, live in rural areas, where they live principally through subsistence agriculture.

(105). The average container for water collection in Africa, the jerry can, weighs over 40 lbs when full. 

(106). Almost two-thirds, 64% of households rely on women to get the family's water when there is no water source in the home.

(107). Nearly 1 out of every 5 deaths under the age of 5 worldwide is due to a water-related disease.

(108). According to the World Health Organization, for every $1 invested in water and sanitation, there is an economic return of between $3 and $34!

(109). By investing in clean water alone, young children around the world can gain more than 413 million days of health!

(110). The United Nations estimates that Sub-Saharan Africa alone loses 40 billion hours per year collecting water; the same as an entire year's labor in all of France!

References:

1. http://water.epa.gov/learn/kids/drinkingwater/water_trivia_facts.cfm

2. http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/water.html

3. http://www.water.siemens.com/en/about_us/Pages/Water_Footprint.aspx

4. http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/

5. http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5303137.doc

6. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/road-to-rio/secret-life-drinking-water

7. http://fieldnotes.unicefusa.org/infographic-world-water-crisis

8. http://water.epa.gov/learn/kids/drinkingwater/waterfactsoflife.cfm

9. http://dnr.wi.gov/org/caer/ce/eek/earth/conserve.htm

10. http://www.brita.net/blue_wonder.html

11. http://www.baycountyfl.gov/water/facts.php

12. http://aqua.wisc.edu/waterlibrary/Default.aspx?tabid=74

13. http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/water-cooperation/facts-and-figures/en/

14. http://www.campusrec.illinois.edu/goGreen/facts.html

15. http://images.fastcompany.com/magazine/154/infographic/water-world.html

16. http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/run-out-of-water.htm

17. http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/h2o.htm

18. http://www.ifad.org/english/water/key.htm

19. http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/world_water_council/documents_old/Library/WWVision/Chapter3.pdf

20. http://awesome.good.is/transparency/web/1204/your-daily-dose-of-water/flash.html

21. http://pacinst.org/publication/10-shocking-facts-about-worlds-water/

22. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/hot_water.html

23. http://www.waterwise.org.uk/pages/fun-facts.html

24. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/water-conservation-tips/?rptregcta=reg_free_np&rptregcampaign=20131016_rw_membership_r1p_us_se_w#

25. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/water-conservation-tips/?rptregcta=reg_free_np&rptregcampaign=20131016_rw_membership_r1p_us_se_w#

26. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-crisis/

27. https://donate.nationalgeographic.org/SSLPage.aspx?pid=1071

28. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/top-10-water-wasters/

29. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS

30. http://www.sandiego.gov/water/conservation/kids/funfacts.shtml

31. http://www.cleanwaterways.org/kids/fun_facts.html

32. http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glaciers/quickfacts.html

33. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-drinking-too-much-water-can-kill/

34. http://www.afcec.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-130322-056.pdf

35. http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/atlas/atlas_html/interagree.html

36. http://www.fao.org/ag/save-and-grow/en/5/index.html

37. http://www.epa.gov/WaterSense/pubs/fixleak.html

38. http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/26/nasa-curiosity-rover-mars-soil-water

39. http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/question157.htm

40. http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/space/11/13/water.moon.nasa/index.html?iref=24hours

41. http://www.livescience.com/32028-oldest-water-found-underground.html

42. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB123483638138996305

43. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/embedded-water/

44. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1186/html/gen_facts.html

45. http://www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/use/Pages/Groundwater-facts.aspx

46. http://www.groundwater.org/get-informed/facts.html

47.www.seametrics.com/blog/water-facts/

48. 1. AQUASTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "Water Use." http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use/index.stm

49. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. "Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water 2010." Available at

www.wssinfo.org/

50. UNICEF. "Water, Sanitation and Hygiene" Updated May 2010. http://www.unicef.org/media/media_45481.html

51. United Nations Development https://thewaterproject.org/water-scarcity/water_statsProgramme. "Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis." 2006. Available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/

52. United Nations. Statement by Secretary General Koffi Annan. June 2003.

http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sgsm8707.doc.htm

53. WHO/UNICEF. "Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done." 2009. available at http://www.unicef.org/health/index_51412.html.

54. World Health Organization. "Costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level." http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wsh0404/en/

55. United Nations Development Programme. "Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis." 2006. Available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/

 56. ederogramme. "Resource Guide on Gender and Climate Change." 2009. Available at http://www.undp.org/climatechange/library_gender.shtml

57.  UNICEF. "Water, Sanitation and Hygiene" Updated May 2010. http://www.unicef.org/media/media_45481.html

58.  World Health Organization. Executive Summary of "Costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level."

www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wsh0404summary/en/

59. Based on 87% of the global population using imprtoved sources. Found in WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. "Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water 2010." Available at

www.wssinfo.org/

12 Things You Should Know About Sun And Your Skin

Here are some handy things to know:

1. A massive 80% of us don't apply sunscreen before going out in the sun, or for a short time after, according to a poll by the British Association of Dermatologists. 

2. Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the UK and rates have been climbing since the 1960s.

3. There are two main types of skin cancer: non-melanoma, the most common, and melanoma, which is less common but more dangerous.

4. You should wear sunscreen under your clothes too. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, a standard white T-shirt packs an SPF value of only 7. The darker and thicker the clothing, the more protection it provides. A long-sleeved dark denim shirt offers "complete sun

5. You're at a higher risk of melanoma if you have red or blonde hair, green or blue eyes and/or freckles. Heredity also has a major role.

6. Safety aside, ultraviolet radiation is to blame for a lot of skin pigmentation and skin ageing. The sun's rays destroy the elastic tissue inside the skin, making it less "springy" and therefore more prone to wrinkles.

7. There's a UV patch, by La Roche-Posay, that will tell you exactly when you've had enough sun and it's time to head to the shade.

8. An SPF (sun protection factor) is a measure of time it would take you to burn without protection, compared to with protection. So SPF 30 means you can theoretically stay in the sun for 30 times longer than you could without protection. In addition a higher SPF blocks out a higher percentage of UVB (ultraviolet B) rays. But of course a multitude of factors will affect your protection. If you apply sunscreen too thinly, it won't protect you in the same way. The SPF will end up being much less than the label says.

9. SPF only relates to UVB rays though – not UVA rays. It's UVA rays that are more closely linked to deeper skin damage. So make sure your sunscreen protects from both. Products containing zinc oxide or titanium dioxide will offer extra UVA protection.

10. Some foods can actually help protect against skin damage in the sun. Carotenoids - especially high in carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, apricots, tomatoes and dark leafy greens - are said to protect the skin against harmful UV rays.

Nutritionist Shona Wilkinson says: "Astaxanthin is a carotenoid that is found predominantly in marine life and is one of the most powerful 'internal sunscreens' there is. It makes animals such as wild salmon and lobster pink. It's claimed that you can stay out in the sun twice as long without burning – but still do be careful!"

11. Vitamin C also has strong properties to help protect against sun damage apparently. Nutritionist Cassandra Barns says: "Make sure and consume plenty of vitamin C-rich foods such as lemons, pineapple, pawpaw, kiwi, broccoli, parsley and tomatoes. You can also pop a fizzy Vitamin C by Quest Vitamins from

SuperfoodUK in your water."

12. We actually need sunshine though. According to Nice, one in five adults may be deficient in vitamin D. People with darker skin are particularly at risk – during winter months nearly 75% of adults from Asian or African and Caribbean backgrounds may have low vitamin D levels. The vitamin plays an important role in our immune system, as well as helping to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body.

Source: home.bt.com/lifestyle/wellbeing/sun-awareness-week-12-things-you-should-know-about-the-sun-your-skin-and-spf-11364059866908

Conditions for getting school fees advance from banks

Paying children's school fees is the obligation of every parent; and settling this timely will save the students a lot of embarrassment from their school authorities.

When too many needs are competing for little resources available with parents, it is adviseable for them to apply for school fees advance from their banks.

A major requirement to enjoy this facility is that the parent must have his salary account domiciled in the bank.

• Benefits

One of the benefits of this facility is that it provides a short-term loan. The parent usually has less than six months to repay the loan.

Different banks have the maximum amount they can give to any individual. Parents can also apply for more than one student, depending on the maximum number of children the bank allows.

When the loan is granted, the parent will have to repay the loan from his salary account with interest. The total amount he is usually allowed to pay monthly is not expected to exceed half of his monthly emolument.

After the parent has finished repaying the loan, he can ask for another loan to be used for the same purpose.

In some cases, the parent will be expected to have credit insurance against death, permanent disability or loss of job. This is to make sure that the insurance company pays the loan if the parent is unable to pay back.

• Requirements

A parent will have to fill an application form requesting for a school fees advance from the bank, which should be submitted together with an undertaking form signed by the employer.

The parent will also provide the bank with the bill stating the amount and evidence that his salary is domiciled in the bank. This is to ensure that the money is not diverted for other usage but specifically for what it was obtained.

Those who benefit from this facility must be working in either the organised private sector or public sector.

• Funds

Depending on the bank, there are minimum and maximum amounts that parents can apply for. While the minimum in some banks is as low as N40,000, a parent can apply for up to N1m.

Also, the parent may not have to be a long standing customer with the bank. As long as at least one month salary has been paid in the bank, a parent can apply for the loan.

If the parent has an existing loan in the bank, this will not prevent the bank from granting the new loan as long as the repayment of all the loans will not exceed a certain percentage of the monthly emolument.

It is also worthy of note that the bank will not give the parent the cash. The fees will be paid directly into the school's bank account or a draft will be issued in the name of the school.

• Minimum salary

A parent must be earning a certain minimum salary as stipulated by the bank before he can apply. In some banks, the salary may be as low as N20,000 per month.

Also, the parent must have been working for a certain number of months and a confirmed employee of his organisation. 

Source: http://punchng.com/conditions-getting-school-fees-advance-banks/

Fulani herdsmen kill a Catholic Seminarian At Enugu State

Suspected Fulani herdsmen, on Thursday morning, carried out another attack in Enugu state, storming Ndiagu Attakwu community, in Nkanu West Local Government Area, killing ‎a seminarian of the Catholic Church and wounded several others.

This attack is coming barely four months after a similar attack on Nimbo community left several persons dead.

Reports revealed that the armed herdsmen stormed the community at about 2 a:m, and butchered every person in one of the compounds and escaped after alarm was raised.

The traditional ruler of the community, His Royal Highness, Igwe Greg Ugwu, who spoke to journalists on the incident, said he was shocked that such horror was visited on his people without any form of provocation.

"There was no issue at all between them and my people. The only thing I heard is that they entered into the heart of the community Wednesday afternoon and a woman sounded a gong, after which the cows scattered; they got the cows together and left only to return in the night", he stated.

It was gathered that the herdsmen entered the residence of the victims by climbing through the roof.



"As soon as they got it, they started butchering the occupants; the seminarian died instantly; another person had her intestines ripped off; four of the victims are battling for survival as we speak", a community source disclosed.

The seminarian, identified as Lazarus Nwafor, an indigene of Orlu in Imo State, was said to have returned from his ‎Apostolic work on Wednesday afternoon.

Speaking to journalists on the incident, the Catholic Bishop of Enugu Diocese, the Rt. Rev. Calistus Onaga described the incident as a provocation too many.

‎He said: "few weeks ago, both the clergy and the laity gathered and showed their anger over the activities of these Fulani herdsmen; we were able to calm people down; we said let us give government a chance; but you can see the climax, a student has just been butchered; it looks like we are being targeted every year, we are being attacked.

"The government should do something about this; it is very painful; it is very sad. This is not the way to do things; all of a sudden these people have assumed another efrontery, they have assumed another boldness, they have assumed another attitude.

"If they cannot live with us together, let them quietly go; this is our land, we cannot pack out of this place.

"We are pleading with all the security agencies to look into this because at a time, people may not hold their patience again, there may be free range of anger and violence.

"Of course we are not prone to violence but at a time we can really be stretched so much that we will have no option than to defend ourselves. Life has been lost and to replace it is impossible.

"So, we are really sad; we are really in pain and I need to really summon the courage to address the Catholic Faithful on what happened; how would I explain it?"

See Graphic Photos Below:

http://pmenaija.com/graphic-photos-fulani-herdsmen-attack-enugu-community-again-kill-catholic-seminarian/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter

Champions League Table 2016/2017

Teens Who Say No to Social Media

Some teenagers are opting out of the relentless pursuit of 'likes' on Facebook and Instagram—and they don't feel like they're missing out

ILLUSTRATION: CARMEN SEGOVIA

When 14-year-old Brian O'Neill of Washington, D.C., wanted to find out what his friends had been up to over summer vacation, he did something radical: He asked them. Unlike most kids his age, Brian isn't on social media. He doesn't scroll through his friends' Instagram shots or post his own, nor does he use Facebook or Snapchat. "I don't need social media to stay in touch," he says.

Such abstention from social media places him in a small minority in his peer group. According to a2015 report by the Pew Research Center, 92% of American teenagers (ages 13-17) go online daily, including 24% who say they are on their devices "almost constantly." Seventy-one percent use Facebook, half are on Instagram, and 41% are Snapchat users. And nearly three-quarters of teens use more than one social-networking site. A typical teen, according to Pew, has 145 Facebook friends and 150 Instagram followers.

But what if a teen doesn't want to live in that networked world? In a culture where prosocial behavior happens increasingly online, it can seem antisocial to refuse to participate. Are kids who reject social media missing out?

Before the advent of the internet and social media, staying in touch with friends during summer vacation meant writing letters home from camp or talking to your best friend on the phone. "When I was their age, during summer vacation, I was tied to the phone," says Brian's mother, Rebecca O'Neill. "But my son just texts or emails people when he wants to see someone, and they meet up in person."

Most of the social-media abstainers whom I interviewed aren't technophobes. On the contrary, they have mobile phones that they use to contact their friends, usually via text. They are internet-savvy and fully enmeshed in popular culture. And they are familiar with social media. They just don't like it.

Jacqueline Nesi, a researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who studies teens and social media, says, "Based on survey data from our lab as well as national statistics, I would estimate that only between 5% and 15% of teens abstain from social-media use."

To these teens who opt out, the relentless pursuit of "likes" looks exhausting. "I think it takes too much time and kids get too absorbed," says Annie Furman, 19, who grew up in the Dallas area and is about to start college in Iowa. "I'd rather see my friends in person than tweet at them. I don't want to spend all my time on my phone. I want to spend it in the real world."

For many nonusers of social media, the immediacy of face-to-face interaction trumps the filtered intimacy of Facebook and Instagram. "I do love seeing kids otherwise attached to their phones equalize when they're cut off," says Katy Kunkel of McLean, Va., whose four children range in age from 7 to 12. None of them are on social media. Especially during the summer months, she notes, "The kids recalibrate much quicker than adults. They find a tribe, then fun or trouble in trees and creeks…. They are way more active by default."

The children themselves don't often feel that they are missing out. Even though "almost 100%" of his friends are on social media, Brian O'Neill says that he can't recall a time when something important happened in his social circle and he didn't hear about it. "They let me know if something is going on," he said. Ms. Furman's experience is similar: "Sometimes I wouldn't understand a specific joke everyone was telling, but 90% of the time, it's not really worth it—it's just a joke."

"Parents are so afraid of having their kids feel left out," said Marnie Kenney of Washington, D.C., whose 14-year-old daughter Raya has opted out of social media. "They project that fear onto their kids." But, she notes, "Social media is just gossip, a lot of it," and she thinks her daughter is better off without it.

Discussions of the impact of social media often focus on cyberbullying or online predators, but a more immediate and chronic danger is its tendency to encourage teens constantly to compare themselves to their peers. And not just to their peers but to Gigi Hadid, Kylie Jenner and other Instagram stars, models and YouTube celebrities whose exploits are relentlessly documented across social media. "All of the comparison isn't healthy," said Sue Lohsen, the mother of two daughters in Washington, D.C. "Everyone has their Facebook-perfect, happy life. But you have to figure out your own self. Social media doesn't encourage people to do that."

In a study published this spring in the journal Psychological Science, researchers created an Instagram-like program and then used fMRI scans to measure teens' reactions to the photos that received more or fewer likes. What they discovered was a process of "quantifiable social endorsement," with teens using what received likes on social media "to learn how to navigate their social world." But such cues can be adaptive or maladaptive. The researchers found that adolescents "were more likely to like a photo—even one portraying risky behaviors, such as smoking marijuana or drinking alcohol—if that photo had received more likes from peers."

Such peer pressure is hardly new. What is new, with social media, is the speed with which peers can comment on each other's lives, as well as the assumption that they should. "There's a kind of bipolar effect that social media has on girls her age," Marnie Kenney said of her daughter. "They're constantly being judged. Their self-worth is constantly measured by other people's response to every single thing they put online."

PHOTO: GETTY IMAGES

"I feel like a lot of what happens on Instagram isn't valuable communication," said Katherine Silk, 18, who grew up in Los Angeles and is about to start a gap year before heading to Emory University. "I'll be with friends eating, and they'll say, 'Let's post this on Instagram!' Sometimes I feel like saying, 'You should be talking to me and the other people here, not posting things for people who may or may not care, just so you can get more likes.' " Like many social-media abstainers, she thinks that too often her peers "don't have adequate boundaries" when it comes to social media use.

As for the possibility that they are missing out, the social-media abstainers are sanguine. "If I have something important to tell my friends, I'll call them. That's enough," says Ms. Silk. "Honestly? Even as an adult, I wouldn't use it unless I really needed to," Brian O'Neill says about social media. "There's nothing really new or creative on it. In 10 years, the social-media craze will be pretty much gone. Everyone will find a different way to waste their time."

— Ms. Rosen is a Future Tense Fellow at the New America Foundation and senior editor of the "New Atlantis: A Journal of Technology & Society."

Source:

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