First,
let's get perspective. Some mistakenly believe human sacrifice is forbidden in
the Old Testament. Certainly, some of the prophets railed against it. But in at
least one book, LORD God accepts human sacrifice. And in another book, LORD God
is appeased by human sacrifice.
In the
following account from the Book of Judges, the Israelite warrior Jephthah is
about to set off to make war on the Ammonites. In payment for victory, Jephthah
promises LORD God he will sacrifice the first "whatsoever" that comes
from his house to greet him upon his return. Unless Jephthah keeps oxen, sheep,
goats, or chickens in his living room, he must expect the promised victim will
be a human being. Notice that Jephthah does not promise to sacrifice "an
ox" or "a goat," etc.
And Jephthah vowed a vow unto the LORD, and said, If thou shalt
without fail deliver the children of Ammon into mine hands,
Then it shall be, that whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my
house to meet me, when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall
surely be the LORD's, and I will offer it up for a burnt offering.
— Judges 11:30-31 (KJV)
The first
to pass through the doors of Jephthah's house upon his return is his only
child, his beloved daughter.
And Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his
daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances: and she was his
only child; beside her he had neither son nor daughter.
And it came to pass, when he saw her, that he rent his clothes,
and said, Alas, my daughter! thou hast brought me very low, and thou art one of
them that trouble me: for I have opened my mouth unto the LORD, and I cannot go
back.
— Judges 11:34-35 (KJV)
Let us
reflect for a moment. We know Jephthah vowed to LORD God to sacrifice
"whatsoever" first came out of the door of his house. We suspect
Jephthah plans to sacrifice one of his servants. But when the
"whatsoever" turned out to be Jephthah's daughter, Jephthah is
surprised. Notice his daughter's reaction:
And she said unto him, My father, if thou hast opened thy mouth
unto the LORD, do to me according to that which hath proceeded out of thy
mouth; forasmuch as the LORD hath taken vengeance for thee of thine enemies,
even of the children of Ammon.
— Judges 11:36 (KJV)
She
expresses no surprise that LORD God would accept a human sacrifice, nor does
she protest; she does not say, "Father, let's use some common sense. You
know LORD God is dead set against human sacrifice. He must have thought an ox
would meet you on your return, or perhaps a goat, or one of the chickens. There
must be a misunderstanding." Instead, she urges her father to keep his
promise. She says:
And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let
me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail
my virginity, I and my fellows.
—
Jephthah
agrees:
And he said, Go. And he sent her away for two months: and she went
with her companions, and bewailed her virginity upon the mountains.
And it came to pass at the end of two months, that she returned
unto her father, who did with her according to his vow which he had vowed: and
she knew no man. And it was a custom in Israel,
That the daughters of Israel went yearly to lament the daughter of
Jephthah the Gileadite four days in a year.
— Judges 11:38-40 (KJV)
None but
perfect animals are permitted to be ritually sacrificed in Judaism. Notice that
Jephthah's daughter, too, is a perfect sacrifice — she is a virgin. Notice that
LORD God does not stop this human sacrifice, as he stopped the sacrifice of
Abraham's son.
The Old
Testament does not specify how Jephthah sacrifices his daughter, but following
the correct methods for animal sacrifice, he would slit her throat first and
drain her blood into a Temple service vessel; cut off her arms, legs, and head;
cut the torso in sections, remove her entrails and wash them; pour, sprinkle,
and smear her blood at prescribed points around the altar; and burn the flesh.
Or of course, a priest might do this for him.
Bible God Accept Human Sacrifice
In 2 Samuel 21, David is king over Judah. A famine
oppresses the land; King David learns that LORD God is punishing Israel for
King Saul's sin (Saul attacked the Gibeonites in violation of Joshua's treaty
Joshua 9:15). Therefore, in order to relieve the famine, David must appease the
Gibeonites. On negotiation, the Gibeonites demand to be given seven descendants
of Saul to be hanged "unto the LORD." David picks two of Saul's sons
and five of Saul's grandsons. Coincidentally, the five grandsons are the
children of Michal, the woman David had wanted to marry (see 1 Samuel 18:25).
David gives these Israelites to the Gibeonites so the Gibeonites can hang them.
- Then there was a famine in the days of David three
years, year after year; and David enquired of the LORD. And the LORD
answered, It is for Saul, and for his bloody house, because he slew the
Gibeonites.
- And the king called the Gibeonites, and said unto them;
(now the Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant
of the Amorites; and the children of Israel had sworn unto them: and Saul
sought to slay them in his zeal to the children of Israel and Judah.)
- Wherefore David said unto the Gibeonites, What shall I
do for you? and wherewith shall I make the atonement, that ye may bless
the inheritance of the LORD?
- And the Gibeonites said unto him, We will have no
silver nor gold of Saul, nor of his house; neither for us shalt thou kill
any man in Israel. And he said, What ye shall say, that will I do for you.
- And they answered the king, The man that consumed us,
and that devised against us that we should be destroyed from remaining in
any of the coasts of Israel,
- Let seven men of his sons be delivered unto us, and we
will hang them up unto the LORD in Gibeah of Saul, whom the LORD did
choose. And the king said, I will give them.
- But the king spared Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan
the son of Saul, because of the LORD's oath that was between them, between
David and Jonathan the son of Saul.
- But the king took the two sons of Rizpah the daughter
of Aiah, whom she bare unto Saul, Armoni and Mephibosheth; and the five
sons of Michal the daughter of Saul, whom she brought up for Adriel the
son of Barzillai the Meholathite:
- And he delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them in the hill before the LORD: and they fell all seven together, and were put to death in the days of harvest, in the first days, in the beginning of barley harvest.(2Samuel 21:1-11)
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